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| Saint Jerome in Penitence, 1798 Francisco de Goya y Lucientes Spanish, 1746-1828 Oil on canvas 75-1/8 x 45 in. (190.8 x 114.3 cm) The Norton Simon Foundation F.1970.08.P © 2012 The Norton Simon Foundation On view Goya's fervent Saint Jerome originally formed part of a series of the Four Fathers of the Church, along with Saint Ambrose [Cleveland Museum], Saint Gregory [Madrid, Museo Romantico], and Saint Augustine [Private Collection]. An early Christian scholar, Saint Jerome produced the Latin translation of the Bible. He lived the life of an ascetic for four years in the desert while studying and praying to free himself of worldly desire. Emaciated and scantily clad, he contemplates a crucifix in his harsh wilderness retreat. Around him lie his books and writing materials, as well as the scourge and skull (a symbol of death) that served as aids in spiritual contemplation. In his hand he holds the stone that he uses to beat his breast in penitence. View Provenance
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